Quantum computing operates on the principles of quantum mechanics, utilizing qubits instead of classical bits. Unlike binary bits (0 or 1), qubits exist in superposition, representing both states simultaneously. This allows quantum computers to process vast amounts of data in parallel, exponentially increasing computational power.

Another key concept is entanglement, where qubits become correlated, meaning the state of one qubit directly influences another, regardless of distance. This phenomenon enables quantum computers to solve problems that classical systems struggle with, such as large-scale optimization, cryptographic analysis, and complex simulations.

Leading quantum computing architectures include superconducting qubits (IBM, Google, Rigetti), trapped ions (IonQ, Honeywell), and topological qubits (Microsoft). Each approach presents unique challenges in error correction, scalability, and coherence time—determining their potential for large-scale quantum applications.